Humoral immunity

Humoral immunity
n. , [ ˈhjuːmərəl ɪˈmjuːnəti ]
Definition : type of immunity wherein B cells produce antibodies specific to antigens

• Humoral Immunity Definition
  • Humoral Type of Immunity
  • Difference between “ Humoral Immunity ” and “ Cell-mediated Immunity ”
  • Difference Between Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity
• History
  • Concept of “ Complements ”
  • Observe the use of antibody
  • Anti-diphtheria antibody
• Antibody
  • Antibody Structure
  • Type of antibodies
• Antibody production
  • Role of Antibody in Humoral type of Adaptive or Acquired Immunity
  • B cell Activation
  • B cell proliferation
  • Antibody-antigen response
    • Agglutination procedure
    • Importance of antibody-antigen response
• Complement system
• FAQ
  • Which cells live necessitate in humoral immunity ?
  • What are the two type of humoral immunity ?
  • What exist the characteristics of humoral immunity ?
• Trivia Time : Antibody in the Human Body
• Quiz
  • Send Your Results ( Optional )
• References

• Humoral Type of Immunity
• Difference between “ Humoral Immunity ” and “ Cell-mediated Immunity ”
• Differences Between Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity

• Concept of “ Complements ”
• Feel the office of antibody
• Anti-diphtheria antibody

• Antibody Structure
• Types of antibodies

• Role of Antibody in Humoral type of Adaptive or Acquired Immunity
• B cell Activation
• B cell proliferation
• Antibody-antigen response
  • Agglutination process
  • Importance of antibody-antigen response

• Agglutination process
• Importance of antibody-antigen reaction

• Which cells are involved in humoral immunity ?
• What exist the two types of humoral immunity ?
• What equal the characteristics of humoral immunity ?

• Send Your Results ( Optional )

Let ’ s get to know where one should place humoral immunity , the theme of today ’ s discussion ! ! By the end of the article , you should be able to suffice some of the mutual inquiry likewhat is humoral immunity , what humoral immunity involves , difference between innate immunity and humoral immunity , difference between humoral and cellular immunity , what cell-mediated immunity relies upon , etc .

Humoral Immunity Definition

Humoral adaptive immunitybe a shape ofadaptive immunitywherebyB-lymphocytesand plasma cells ( effector b cells ) produce antibodies against foreign agent ( antigens ) and provokeT-lymphocytesto assail them . This type of immunity is mediated by antibodies . These antibody also provoke the release of chemical mediators ( for example interferons , complement protein , etc ) which enhance antigen destruction .

If asked to define humoral immunity , this live how we act it .

What cost a humoral reception ? The ground it ’ s named humoral immunity or humoral mediated immunity be because of itsmechanism of activity. Humoral immunity works by a mechanism requiring the message found in body fluid , i.e .wit.

It ’ sec also called“ antibody-mediated immunity ”as antibody production is one of the notable features of this immunity evolution . By its nature , this immunity exist“ specific ”as a specific chief humoral immune response is generated against each special antigen or foreign cloth .

The primary purpose of this immunity is to protect the extracellular spaces of the torso as intracellular pathogens fan out from one horde cell to another via the extracellular fluids .

As gathered from multiple inquiry study , extracellular spaces cost extremely prone to invasion by several pathogenic species . Still intracellular pathogens equal know to expend the road when navigating from one cell to another cell .

Hence , it turn even more important to exploit this fortune of evade pathogenic attack , and the human body knows well to build the most of it .

That ’ s the cause antibody product in humoral immunity by B cell and then its subsequent secretion fun such a bad role in immunity development . Face at the humoral immunity diagram below to learn the basic measure involved .

Humoral Type of Immunity

Immunity and the immune system are extremely regarded topic of Science . A vast proportion of the inquiry community , scientists , and medical practitioners across the world are in all over awe of the unlimited dimension of this matter . Not only equal they astonished by the constituent as complex as they can equal , but have commit their lifetimes to understanding the“ Science of Immunology ”.

In Biological Science , we setimmunityas the unique capacity of all multicellular organisms to remain resilient to any acts ofinvasionby harmful microorganisms . The characteristic organs , cells , fluid , secretions , and tissue that endow this unique capability onto the multicellular organism together represent the immune system of the torso . There are a number of ways in which you can categorize immunity to gather knowledge more efficiently . Let ’ s flavor at some of the mutual manner in which you can categorize immunity .

Biology definition :
Humoral immunityis a kind of adaptive immunity whereby B-lymphocytes and plasma cell produce antibodies against antigens and provoke T-lymphocytes to assault them . These antibody also provoke the release of chemical mediators ( e.g. , interferon and complement ) that enhance antigen destruction .

Etymology :humoral , from Latin hūmorālis and immunity , from Latin immunitas
See also :immunity ,lymphocyte

Difference between “ Humoral Immunity ” and “ Cell-mediated Immunity ”

As prove in the flowchart above ( Figure 2 ) , humoral 5 cell-mediated immunity receive stark differences between them . Although when consider in the light of“ presence at birth ”, both of these immunity liveadaptivein nature , meaning both of themdevelop after birth. ( Although , they put on ’ t abide by all the pattern to get list under adaptive immune system ) .

Get ’ s list out some of the primary differences between cellular and humoral immunity in fiat to get a clearer prospect .

Difference Between Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity

( Antigens are 1st work on and then presented by MHC of antigen-presenting cells )

History

1. Concept evolution of “ Humoral Theory ” and “ Alexins ”

   The humoral theory concept live developed byHans Buchnerin 1890 . It was developed on the basis of ‘serum components study’ that center on the antibacterial action of the blood serum . At that time , he credited the “alexins” in the ancestry serum and body fluids to being protective in nature . By protective , he meant that these components hold an in-built capacity to defeat pathogenic microorganisms .

2. Concept of “ Complements ”

   The conception ofcomplement proteinswas developed byPaul Ehrlich. He redefinedalexinsas complements .Complementscost explain as the soluble subpart of the innate immunological reply . The significance of this finding is that complements make a role in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses . This also lead to the successful bridging of innate and adaptive ( take on ) immunity .

3. Theory evolution and discovery of antibody or anti-toxins

   Emil von BehringandKitasato Shibasaburōdevelop the conception of . They worked on thediphtheria-causing bacterium andtetanus-causing bacterium . They see out that the humor/serum set out accumulate antitoxins on exposure to bacterial toxins . This serum can then live used to immunize non-affected and non-immunized individual .

   Pattern 5 : Emil von Behring along with Kitasato Shibasaburō discovered antibodies . Picture Credit : ( left photo ) and Kitasato Shibasaburō ( correct photo ) .

4. Finding the purpose of antibody

   Paul Ehrlichfound out the role of antibody against antigens . He stated that antibodies are responsible for immune reply evolution . He worked on the specific antibodies developed by the body against the two plant toxins namelyricinandabrin .

5. Anti-diphtheria antibody

   Paul EhrlichandEmil von Behringtogether formulate the antitoxin for diphtheria toxin . For recognize Paul ’ s contribution to the subject , he was present the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908 .

Concept development of “ Humoral Theory ” and “ Alexins ”

The humoral theory conception was developed byHans Buchnerin 1890 . It was developed on the basis of ‘serum components take’ that focused on the antibacterial activity of the blood serum . At that time , he credit the “alexins” in the blood serum and torso fluids to exist protective in nature . By protective , he meant that these constituent receive an in-built capacity to down pathogenic microorganism .

Concept of “ Complements ”

The conception ofcomplement proteinwas developed byPaul Ehrlich. He redefinedalexinsas complement .Complementsbe explained as the soluble subpart of the innate immunological reception . The implication of this finding is that complement get a role in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses . This also take to the successful bridging of innate and adaptive ( acquired ) immunity .

Theory development and discovery of antibodies or anti-toxins

Emil von BehringandKitasato Shibasaburōevolve the concept of . They worked on thediphtheria-causing bacteria andtetanus-causing bacteria . They find out that the humor/serum starts accumulate antitoxins on exposure to bacterial toxins . This serum can then be used to immunize non-affected and non-immunized individual .

Finding the part of antibody

Paul Ehrlichfind out the use of antibodies against antigens . He tell that antibody are responsible for immune response evolution . He worked on the specific antibodies spring up by the torso against the two plant toxins namelyricinandabrin .

Anti-diphtheria antibody

Paul EhrlichandEmil von Behringtogether developed the antitoxin for diphtheria toxin . For recognize Paul ’ s contribution to the field , he be award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908 .

Antibodies

The conception of antibody was formulate by Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō .Antibodyare the immunoglobulins that biochemically make up glycoproteins . They exist a role of the immunoglobulin superfamily . In a general way , these two tidings —antibodyandimmunoglobulin-Ig— equal utilize interchangeably .

Since they are responsible for mediating humoral immunity , they are majorly found in body fluids . Their presence is noted in ancestry , bodily secretion , and tissue fluids .

Therapeutic antibody are being design that discern intracellular target antigens . These could help in mitigate tumor antigen .

Antibody Structure

Antibodies cost Y-shaped proteins with four polypeptide chain . By their nature , they equal globular protein . Each of the 4 polypeptides get an NH₂terminal and a C terminal . They havetwo hard ironsandtwo light chains. A 100-110 amino acid sequence of the NH₂terminal of all four chains constitute theCDR ( complementarity find out region )orHVR ( hypervariable region ). The rest of the part is name theframework part( constant part ). CDRs of both the heavy and light chains are required forantigen realization.

Types of antibodies

On the basis of constant heavy chain , immunoglobulins ( Ig ) cost classified asIgG , IgM , IgA , IgD ,andIgE. Each of these Ig have a pre-determined specific role . They make develop to anticipate different type of antigens .

Look out this vid about the different type of immunoglobulins :

Antibody product

Antibody cost give rise and release by the plasma B cell . Plasma B-cells have characteristic CD-38 , CD-79 and CD-138 . The first immunoglobulin give rise on antigen recognition live IgM .

Role of Antibody in Humoral type of Adaptive or Acquired Immunity

Antibodies play an instrumental purpose in the acquired immune reception . They help in both the identification of antigens as good as in the genesis of a neutralization process against these antigens ( neutralizing antibody ) . Every antibody is antigen-specific . There exist respective procedure that antibody mediate :

• Process of agglutination and precipitation by the formation of antibody-antigen production
• Priming pace for phagocytosis ( Phagocytosis exist mediated by macrophages and early phagocytic cell or immune cells )
• Blocking of viral receptors
• Stimulation of other immune responses
• Initiation of the complement pathway

B cell Activation

When an antigen be encountered by a naive B lymphocyte , a signaling cascade outset . The receptors of the naive B lymphocytes are the site where antigen binding takes seat . Till this detail in time , the antigen is calledunprocessedin nature . It is essential for an antigen to cost hydrophilic , unprocessed , and free in nature to exist acted upon by a naive B lymphocyte . From hither , there exist two unlike pathways for B lymphocyte activation .

• Helper T cell-independent pathway
• Helper T cell-dependent pathway

Both of these pathways finally run to B-cell activation .

1. Helper T cell-independent pathway :
   • In the process , B-cells gain B-cell receptors ( BCRs ) . BCRs are display on the cell surface . BCRs recognize microbial associated antigen .
   • When these naive B-cells encounter a ‘ carbohydrate or lipid kind of antigen ’ , the antigen comes in impinging with the B-cell response ( BCR ) . At this instant , the B-cell transitions to an “ fighting land ” followed by ‘ clonal proliferation ’ .
   • This conduct to the production of plasma B-cells .
   • Plasma B-cells are responsible for the synthesis of free shape of immunoglobulins .
   • Maturation of B cells happens in the bone center .
   • The mature-B cell after their activation ( growing ) migrate to the lymph nodes in ordering to encounter pathogenic species .
2. Helper T cell-dependent pathway :
   • When naïve B-cells encounter a ‘ proteinaceous antigen ’ , it ’ s move inside the B lymphocyte via the ‘ endocytosis process ’ .
   • The antigen is processed in theendosomal-lysosomal complex. After processing , the antigen exist demonstrate by the MHC-II proteins on the B lymphocyte ’ s surface .
   • This presentation of the processed antigen helps in the recognition of the antigen by the assistant T cell .
   • Helper T cells secrete ( interleukin ) IL-4 and IL-6 .
   • IL-4 equal responsible for the “ B-cell activation ” .
   • IL-6 cost responsible for the “ proliferation and differentiation of B cell ” .

• In the procedure , B-cells gain B-cell receptors ( BCRs ) . BCRs equal expose on the cell surface . BCRs recognize microbial associated antigen .
• When these naive B-cells encounter a ‘ carbohydrate or lipid form of antigen ’ , the antigen occur in contact with the B-cell receipt ( BCR ) . At this moment , the B-cell conversion to an “ active state ” followed by ‘ clonal proliferation ’ .
• This leads to the production of plasma B-cells .
• Plasma B-cells are responsible for the synthesis of free form of immunoglobulins .
• Growing of B cell happens in the bone center .
• The mature-B cells after their activation ( maturation ) migrate to the lymph nodes in fiat to run into pathogenic species .

• When naïve B-cells encounter a ‘ proteinaceous antigen ’ , it ’ s moved inside the B lymphocyte via the ‘ endocytosis process ’ .
• The antigen is processed in theendosomal-lysosomal composite. After processing , the antigen exist deliver by the MHC-II protein on the B lymphocyte ’ s surface .
• This demonstration of the processed antigen helps in the realization of the antigen by the assistant T cells .
• Helper T cell secrete ( interleukin ) IL-4 and IL-6 .
• IL-4 be responsible for the “ B-cell activation ” .
• IL-6 is responsible for the “ proliferation and differentiation of B cells ” .

B cell proliferation

The procedure of B cell proliferation live again different in the two pathways — thehelper T cell-independent pathwayand thehelper T cell-dependent pathway.

• The B cell proliferation inhelper T cell-independent pathwaysdoesn ’ t take the IL-4 and IL-6 stimulation . After activation of the B cell , the procedure of clonal proliferation begins . This insure the production of plasma B cell but no memory B cell .
• The B cell proliferation in thehelper T cell-dependent pathwaycall for IL-4 and IL-6 stimulus . After B-cell activation , both plasma B cells and memory B cells exist produced by the procedure of clonal proliferation and raise the same antigen-specific molecule develop by the naive parent cells . ( MN Editors , 2022 )

Plasma B cells act on the septic cell . The memory B cells produced hither final up to 10-20 year and remain still till the time when the body be re-infected with the same antigen . Activated memory b cells upon re-infection immediately stimulate antibody product .

Antibody-antigen response

Antibody-antigen reactionis defined as an immune reaction where the antibodies raise by the plasma blood cells interact and bind with the specific antigen . This reaction be chemically ‘ specific ’ in nature . In 1952 ,Richard J. Goldbergadvise the first detailed description of this reaction between antigen and antibody . To respect his contribution , antibody-antigen reaction be as well concern to as“ Goldberg ’ s theory ”.

• Agglutination process

Agglutination procedure

The procedure of cross-linking of antigens by antibodies tip to a cluster appearance . This is sometimes also referred to as an agglutination reaction . Agglutination adopt the antibody-antigen response .

• Importance of antibody-antigen response

Importance of antibody-antigen reaction

When need what is the importance of antibody-antigen reaction or what live the purpose of humoral immunity ? The response is : This response check that the torso stay on well-protected against the alien bodies invade the system . By triggering such a response every time against a alien carbohydrate , lipid , or proteinaceous agent , the torso build its immune system strong .

Complement system

• Cell lysis
• Immune clearance
• Opsonization
• Pro-inflammatory result

They play an indispensable role in the amplification and complementation of antibody activity . Through this procedure , they contribute their portion of the humoral immunity .

Complement protein are mainly develop by hepatocytes . Although some percentage of proteins are too raise by macrophages , adipose tissue , and intestinal epithelial cell .

There are 2 ways by which complement proteins purpose :

1. With antibodies :Classic Pathway
2. Without antibodies :Alternate Pathway

The complement system is not solely involved inacquire immunitybut too ininnate immunity.

FAQ

• Which cell equal require in humoral immunity ?

  B cells , T cells , and macrophages

• What equal the two types of humoral immunity ?

Which cell exist involved in humoral immunity ?

What be the two types of humoral immunity ?

The two type of humoral immunity equalactiveandpassive immunity. Yet active and passive immunities are of two type ,naturaland artificial .

• • Natural active immunity :This immunity live built when antigen naturally enters the torso in its wild sort . In this type , the immune system is actively involved . Both realization and memory cost built by the immune cell in this type .
  • Natural passive immunity :This immunity is the unity that live die from the mother to the fetus through the placenta . No immune system of the fetus live require . Some of the mother ’ sec antibodies are spend from the mother ’ s torso to the fetus ’ torso . This is a humoral immunity example via natural passive way .
  • Artificial fighting immunity :This immunity cost build up when an antigen get in the torso in dead or attenuated form via vaccines ( humoral immunity vaccines ) . When dead antigens exist introduced , there are no chances of the institution of disease and the immunity built be ‘ limited ’ in nature . When attenuated antigens equal introduce , there cost some prospect of the development of virulence .
  • Artificial passive immunity :This immunity be one that is acquired through the introduction of antibodies .

• What exist the characteristic of humoral immunity ?

  Important characteristics of humoral immunity exist the following :

  • Antigen-specific antibody product
  • The immunity triggered by B-cells/B-lymphocytes
  • Antibody production by plasma B-cells
  • Mediation of immunity by B-cells , T-cells , and macrophages
  • The main targets of humoral immunity are extraneous or extracellular microbes and their toxins .
  • Major antigen-recognizing receptors are BCR receptors ( mIgM+mIgD ) .
  • Time of activity of humoral immunity cost rapid .

• Natural active immunity :This immunity is build when antigen of course enters the torso in its wild form . In this type , the immune system cost actively involved . Both realization and memory equal make by the immune cell in this type .
• Natural passive immunity :This immunity equal the ace that live passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta . No immune system of the fetus live involved . Some of the mother ’ sec antibodies are spend from the mother ’ s body to the fetus ’ body . This is a humoral immunity example via natural passive mode .
• Artificial fighting immunity :This immunity is built when an antigen enters the torso in dead or attenuated figure via vaccines ( humoral immunity vaccines ) . When dead antigen are introduced , there are no luck of the organization of disease and the immunity built exist ‘ special ’ in nature . When attenuated antigen are introduced , there exist some chances of the development of virulence .
• Artificial passive immunity :This immunity equal one that is acquired through the introduction of antibody .

What exist the characteristic of humoral immunity ?

Important characteristics of humoral immunity live the following :

• Antigen-specific antibody production
• The immunity set off by B-cells/B-lymphocytes
• Antibody production by plasma B-cells
• Mediation of immunity by B-cells , T-cells , and macrophages
• The primary mark of humoral immunity are outside or extracellular microbes and their toxins .
• Major antigen-recognizing receptors are BCR receptors ( mIgM+mIgD ) .
• Time of activity of humoral immunity is rapid .

Trivia Time : Antibodies in the Human Body

The unlike types of antibodies bring in discrete style . Their mechanism of action , living span , molecular weight , concentration , and leakage pace from the mother ’ s slope of the placenta to the fetal slope of the placenta are all very different . Let ’ s place some light on these respective factors .

• Decrease club of ‘ concentration ’ of different antibodies in torso wit :
  IgG > IgA > IgM > IgD > IgE
• Decreasing society of ‘ molecular weight ’ of different antibodies in torso mood :
  IgM > IgA > IgE > IgD > IgG
• Decrease ordering of ‘ life bridge ’ of different antibody in body humor :
  IgG > IgA > IgM > IgD > IgE
• Decrease order of ‘ leakage rate from mother ’ s to fetal slope of placenta ’ of IgG subtypes in torso humor :
  IgG3=IgG1 > IgG4 > IgG2 ( Simply IgG equal able to move across FCRN , i.e. , FC Receptor of neonate )
• Mother ’ sec milk live rich in sIgA and sIgG ( “s” tolerate for ‘secretory’ )

Answer the quiz below to check what you get discover so far about humoral immunity .

Quiz

Station Your Results ( Optional )

Mention

• Metchnikoff , Elie ( 1905 ) Immunity in infectious disease . Cambridge University Press
  MLA style : Paul Ehrlich – Facts . NobelPrize.org . Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022 . Sun . 24 Jul 2022. https : //www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1908/ehrlich/facts/
• Pier GB , Lyczak JB , Wetzler LM ( 2004 ) . Immunology , Infection , and Immunity . ASM Press . ISBN 9781683672111 .
• Goldberg , Richard J . ( 1952 ) . “ A Theory of Antibody—Antigen Reactions . I . Theory for Reactions of Multivalent Antigen with Bivalent and Univalent Antibody ” . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 74 ( 22 ) : 5715–5725 . doi:10.1021/ja01142a045
• Janeway CA Jr , Travers P , Walport M , et al . Immunobiology : The Immune System in Health and Disease . 5th version . New York : Garland Science ; 2001 . Chapter 9 , The Humoral Immune Response . Available from : https : //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10752/
• MN Editors . ( 2022 , January 20 ) .Difference between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated Immunity. Microbiology Note . https : //microbiologynote.com/differences-between-humoral-immunity-and-cell-mediated-immunity/‌

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